Main Types of Blood Grouping Antisera:

1. Anti-A: Contains antibodies that react with A antigens on the red blood cells.
2. Anti-B: Contains antibodies that react with B antigens on the red blood cells.
3. Anti-D: Contains antibodies that react with the D antigen (Rhesus factor) on the red blood cells.

Blood Typing Process Using Antisera:

1. Sample Collection: A small sample of the patient’s blood is collected.
2. Application: Separate drops of the blood sample are placed on a slide or in wells of a testing plate.
3. Addition of Antisera: A drop of each antiserum (Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D) is added to different blood samples.
4. Observation: The samples are then observed for agglutination (clumping) reactions. Agglutination indicates that the corresponding antigen is present on the red blood cells.
   • If agglutination occurs with Anti-A but not with Anti-B, the blood type is A.
   • If agglutination occurs with Anti-B but not with Anti-A, the blood type is B.
   • If agglutination occurs with both Anti-A and Anti-B, the blood type is AB.
   • If there’s no agglutination with either Anti-A or Anti-B, the blood type is O.
   • The presence or absence of agglutination with Anti-D determines the Rh factor: positive if there’s agglutination, and negative if there isn’t.